> This remarkable transformation in our understanding is the result of just three missions: Voyager, Galileo, and Cassini—along with some computer modeling and hard staring by the Hubble and Webb space telescopes.
Seems odd to neglect to mention New Horizons immediately after mentioning the probable existence of liquid oceans under Pluto's surface, a finding made possible thanks primarily to New Horizons.
miohtama 18 hours ago [-]
TIL
> The radiation environment around Europa is punishing; an astronaut standing on the surface would get a fatal dose in about a day
kaseijin 14 hours ago [-]
True for all the Galilean Moons more or less. Their orbits all lie within the Jovian equivalent of the Van Allen belts. And Jupiter's magnetic field is much stronger than earth's.
sennalen 13 hours ago [-]
Not Callisto. Being within Jupiter's magnetosphere but out of reach of Io's shenanigans makes it one of the mildest radiation environments in the solar system.
idlewords 14 hours ago [-]
Not true at all, the daily dose on Ganymede (which has a magnetic field of its own) is ~70 mSv/day, and Callisto is 0.1 mSv/day.
Io, meanwhile, is 35 Sv/day. Location really matters among the four Galilean moons.
exhilaration 16 hours ago [-]
Great read, other than Europa I wasn't aware of these other candidate ocean moons.
pvaldes 18 hours ago [-]
Beautifully designed article. Very cool images and diagrams.
> We want rocks in contact with water,
But there is ice compressed between the water column and the xenoceanic bottom, ok. I see the problem.
What about rocks in the surface of the water?. Some volcanic rocks can float.
Europa Clipper, launched 2024, starts Europa flybys on March 2031
Dragonfly, hopefully launching July 2028, arriving on Titan 2034
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Clipper
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonfly_(Titan_space_probe)
Seems odd to neglect to mention New Horizons immediately after mentioning the probable existence of liquid oceans under Pluto's surface, a finding made possible thanks primarily to New Horizons.
> The radiation environment around Europa is punishing; an astronaut standing on the surface would get a fatal dose in about a day
Io, meanwhile, is 35 Sv/day. Location really matters among the four Galilean moons.
> We want rocks in contact with water,
But there is ice compressed between the water column and the xenoceanic bottom, ok. I see the problem.
What about rocks in the surface of the water?. Some volcanic rocks can float.